What happened in Rome, when the western empire “fell”?Why did the Western Roman Empire collapse but not the Eastern Roman Empire?What happened to cities in the Western Roman empire after the fall of Rome?Where were the western legions when the Roman empire fell?What happened to the stuff stolen from the Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans?The role of science in enabling the survival of civilisations“Ancient knowledge” in Western Europe during Empire's fallWhat allowed or prevented Roman conquest in terms of population, climate and geography?How did Romans know if their money was debased?Was Roman expansion & casus belli as just as they claimed?How did Christianity replace Roman Paganism and other ancient religions?

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What happened in Rome, when the western empire “fell”?


Why did the Western Roman Empire collapse but not the Eastern Roman Empire?What happened to cities in the Western Roman empire after the fall of Rome?Where were the western legions when the Roman empire fell?What happened to the stuff stolen from the Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans?The role of science in enabling the survival of civilisations“Ancient knowledge” in Western Europe during Empire's fallWhat allowed or prevented Roman conquest in terms of population, climate and geography?How did Romans know if their money was debased?Was Roman expansion & casus belli as just as they claimed?How did Christianity replace Roman Paganism and other ancient religions?













35















I mean everybody knows that the western Roman Empire fell about 476 A.D. But what happened in Rome itself then? Did Romans keep living their day to day lives? Were there riots? I find it hard to find out anything about it.










share|improve this question



















  • 18





    Have you read the Wikipedia page on the fall of Rome?

    – Steve Bird
    Mar 29 at 9:00






  • 2





    It's called the fall of or its decline. It was not felled in a single blow on some arbitrary date. What happened in Rome for several hundred years while it was falling.... ?

    – Mazura
    Mar 29 at 21:49











  • I will suggest to you The Dark Ages by Charles Oman as background material.

    – KorvinStarmast
    Apr 1 at 13:30















35















I mean everybody knows that the western Roman Empire fell about 476 A.D. But what happened in Rome itself then? Did Romans keep living their day to day lives? Were there riots? I find it hard to find out anything about it.










share|improve this question



















  • 18





    Have you read the Wikipedia page on the fall of Rome?

    – Steve Bird
    Mar 29 at 9:00






  • 2





    It's called the fall of or its decline. It was not felled in a single blow on some arbitrary date. What happened in Rome for several hundred years while it was falling.... ?

    – Mazura
    Mar 29 at 21:49











  • I will suggest to you The Dark Ages by Charles Oman as background material.

    – KorvinStarmast
    Apr 1 at 13:30













35












35








35


5






I mean everybody knows that the western Roman Empire fell about 476 A.D. But what happened in Rome itself then? Did Romans keep living their day to day lives? Were there riots? I find it hard to find out anything about it.










share|improve this question
















I mean everybody knows that the western Roman Empire fell about 476 A.D. But what happened in Rome itself then? Did Romans keep living their day to day lives? Were there riots? I find it hard to find out anything about it.







roman-empire rome






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Mar 29 at 12:05









Mark C. Wallace

23.8k973113




23.8k973113










asked Mar 29 at 8:51









F.RaulsF.Rauls

18426




18426







  • 18





    Have you read the Wikipedia page on the fall of Rome?

    – Steve Bird
    Mar 29 at 9:00






  • 2





    It's called the fall of or its decline. It was not felled in a single blow on some arbitrary date. What happened in Rome for several hundred years while it was falling.... ?

    – Mazura
    Mar 29 at 21:49











  • I will suggest to you The Dark Ages by Charles Oman as background material.

    – KorvinStarmast
    Apr 1 at 13:30












  • 18





    Have you read the Wikipedia page on the fall of Rome?

    – Steve Bird
    Mar 29 at 9:00






  • 2





    It's called the fall of or its decline. It was not felled in a single blow on some arbitrary date. What happened in Rome for several hundred years while it was falling.... ?

    – Mazura
    Mar 29 at 21:49











  • I will suggest to you The Dark Ages by Charles Oman as background material.

    – KorvinStarmast
    Apr 1 at 13:30







18




18





Have you read the Wikipedia page on the fall of Rome?

– Steve Bird
Mar 29 at 9:00





Have you read the Wikipedia page on the fall of Rome?

– Steve Bird
Mar 29 at 9:00




2




2





It's called the fall of or its decline. It was not felled in a single blow on some arbitrary date. What happened in Rome for several hundred years while it was falling.... ?

– Mazura
Mar 29 at 21:49





It's called the fall of or its decline. It was not felled in a single blow on some arbitrary date. What happened in Rome for several hundred years while it was falling.... ?

– Mazura
Mar 29 at 21:49













I will suggest to you The Dark Ages by Charles Oman as background material.

– KorvinStarmast
Apr 1 at 13:30





I will suggest to you The Dark Ages by Charles Oman as background material.

– KorvinStarmast
Apr 1 at 13:30










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















88














By 476 the city of Rome had not been the center of the Empire for a long while. Diocletian, picking up the pieces after the crisis of the third century, made a point of snubbing Rome compared to the "actual" imperial capitals, which he considered more important. Moreover the sackings Rome experienced in the fifth century certainly depleted its riches and resources. From the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14, page 378:




Despite considerable imperial and Ostrogothic attempts to
sustain it, Rome gradually shrank through the fifth and sixth century to a tiny
proportion of its former size; not only was there no longer the government
money to sustain it, but it also inevitably lost out from the shrinking overseas
holdings of its senatorial aristocracy.




Doubtless the Roman Senate still sitting in Rome (now no more than an anachronistic relic) was the theater of some speeches, but the historians of the time deemed them of so little consequence that they don't even mention them. But even beyond Rome, in the imperial capital of Ravenna, and all the other lands nominally under the suzerainty of the west Roman empire, the news would have been of little consequence. This passage of the Cambridge Ancient History (vol. 14 page 25) is illuminating:




Since the empire’s financial base was simultaneously decreasing, the idea of
empire quickly became meaningless. The centre no longer controlled anything anyone wanted. In consequence, the late 460s and 470s saw one group
after another coming to the realization that the western empire was no longer
a prize worth fighting for. It must have been an extraordinary moment as the
realization dawned on the leaders of individual interest groups, and upon
members of local Roman landowning élites, that, after hundreds of years of
existence, the Roman state in western Europe was now an anachronism.




and ibid., page 27




A subordinate commander, Odoacer, organized a putsch, murdered Orestes, and deposed Romulus, derisively titled Augustulus, on or around 4 September 476. He then sent
an embassy to Constantinople which did no more than state the obvious. There was no longer any need for an emperor in the west.




Also, from Christopher Wickam The Inheritance of Rome (a book on Early Medieval Europe that I heartily recommend to those interested in that neglected period)




Italy is actually the region of the western empire which lived through least change in the 470s, for Odovacer ruled much as Ricimer had, at the head of a regular army. Italy did not experience an invasion and conquest until 489–93, with the arrival of Theoderic the Amal and his Ostrogoths, and Theoderic (489–526) ruled in as Roman a way as possible, too.





In addition to what I wrote, the "fall of the Western Empire" is a bit of a misnomer. It was not, at the time, perceived as a change in political order: all the lands formerly in the Roman Empire were still under the nominal authority of the Emperor in Constantinople. The West versus East division was, at least on paper, only an administrative one, and the two Emperors had theoretically been coequal heads of state, with the same authority on every component piece. The situation on the ground was very much different, but Odoacer mantained the polite fiction of being the "viceroy" of the Emperor in Italy and even recognized and minted coins in the name of Julius Nepos, the nominal new Western emperor. The loss of authority of the Roman Empire over what were formerly its Western lands was a slow and gradual process, and while 476 is a convenient date (the last year in which a sitting emperor resided in the Italian peninsula), it's quite arbitrary.



Other dates that could be reasonably advanced for the loss of imperial control of Italy are 572, when most of Italy was conquered by the Lombards, a power that did not recognize even the nominal suzerainty of the Emperor, or 751 with the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna, or even 1130, when the Empire lost its last Italian possessions in Southern Italy[1]. The date of 476 is convenient to write on school exams, but its significance shouldn't be overstated.



[1] Personal note: If I were asked to chose one date for the end of the Western Roman Empire, gun to the head, I'd lean towards 751 because the fall of the Exarchate had all kind of consequences (most importantly the Pope deciding to throw his support behind the Frankish Carolingians), while 476 was not even the last time that the whole of Italy was under direct Imperial control (that'd be 572).






share|improve this answer




















  • 1





    This is a great answer. For anyone interested in this period, I recommend the "Fall of Rome" and "Tides of History" podcasts, which talk a lot about the late Roman Empire and the 500s.

    – Kevin Peter
    Mar 29 at 21:48







  • 1





    So basically by the time the western Empire fell, Rome was already like Detroit for a long time.

    – vsz
    Mar 29 at 21:49






  • 4





    @vsz - Rome's decline took longer than most empires exist, period.

    – Richard
    Mar 29 at 23:49






  • 1





    It might also be worth mentioning that by 476, Gaul, Hispania, and North Africa had already passed beyond control of the Western Empire, meaning Italy was pretty much all that was left, hence Odoacer claiming the title of King of Italy.

    – chepner
    Mar 31 at 13:58











  • @chepner This is true, although I suspect a sufficiently strong central government in Ravenna would have been able to reverse that (cfr. the action of Majoran twenty years prior, or the de facto control that Theodoric had on Spain a few decades later). The biggest problem was the shrinking of the tax base, that made the Roman system of government unsustainable

    – Denis Nardin
    Apr 1 at 10:02


















11














It is hard to describe what really happened: we only know what is written in the documents of that time which reached us, and they are not very abundant. There is a very nice book
(fiction) by Pascal Quignard, On Wooden Tablets: Apronenia Avitia (translated from the French, original title: Les Tablettes de buis d’Apronenia Avitia, Gallimard, 1984).



In it the author describes the life of a person at that time, and it seems to reflect very well our present knowledge on what really happened.



To state it shortly: nothing happened. People probably hardly noticed the event that we call "the fall of Rome". The reason is that the fall of Rome was a gradual process which lasted for more than a generation. Nothing that dramatically affected the life of most people happened in this particular year 476. The sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 made apparently more impression.






share|improve this answer

























  • I think I will take a look at "On Wooden Tablets". Thanks a lot!

    – F.Rauls
    Mar 29 at 13:57


















2














Also, unlike other empires that fell, Rome splintered into other kingdoms, hence the largely latin-influenced cultures, which exists today (except for the Ostrgoths and Visigoths - they didn't accept the new policy and were persecuted), so a "fall" would not be the most accurate term.



Also, the Roman Empire transformed into a political power after Constantine gave up his seat of power to what became the Roman Catholic system (countries still pay some kind of homage to this system, regardless of their mainstream religion - very fascinating). So it appears the Roman empire got even bigger than it was, as opposed to it falling.



A transformation is a better suited description.






share|improve this answer




















  • 5





    Actually, the formation of the papal state is way more complicated than that. Arguably, the pope started to actually gain power only after the Lombard invasion, when he became the de facto head of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church as we understand it began with Charlemagne, when the Carolingians decided it could be an effective way of culturally unify their possessions.

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 29 at 16:25












  • Do you mean that to read "Also, the Roman Empire transformed from a political into a spiritual power" (after all the Catholic Church and their pontifexes extended the reach of the 'power of Rome' quite a bit further than the caesars who held the office of that name before) @DenisNardin I am a bit puzzled how you came to read "Papal state" into this. Can you make that criticism clearer?

    – LangLangC
    Mar 30 at 0:04






  • 1





    @LangLangC It seems to me that this answer is saying that the Roman imperial system turned into the Roman Catholic church. If this is indeed what the answerer is saying, let's just say that I disagree strenuously with this gross oversimplification (it is true that in many places the bishop filled the power vacuum left by the civil government, but this is more "replacement" than "transformation")

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 30 at 7:05






  • 1





    @LangLangC Yes they certainly did extend their power wayyyy more.

    – Lionboy1
    Apr 1 at 19:46











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3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes








3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









88














By 476 the city of Rome had not been the center of the Empire for a long while. Diocletian, picking up the pieces after the crisis of the third century, made a point of snubbing Rome compared to the "actual" imperial capitals, which he considered more important. Moreover the sackings Rome experienced in the fifth century certainly depleted its riches and resources. From the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14, page 378:




Despite considerable imperial and Ostrogothic attempts to
sustain it, Rome gradually shrank through the fifth and sixth century to a tiny
proportion of its former size; not only was there no longer the government
money to sustain it, but it also inevitably lost out from the shrinking overseas
holdings of its senatorial aristocracy.




Doubtless the Roman Senate still sitting in Rome (now no more than an anachronistic relic) was the theater of some speeches, but the historians of the time deemed them of so little consequence that they don't even mention them. But even beyond Rome, in the imperial capital of Ravenna, and all the other lands nominally under the suzerainty of the west Roman empire, the news would have been of little consequence. This passage of the Cambridge Ancient History (vol. 14 page 25) is illuminating:




Since the empire’s financial base was simultaneously decreasing, the idea of
empire quickly became meaningless. The centre no longer controlled anything anyone wanted. In consequence, the late 460s and 470s saw one group
after another coming to the realization that the western empire was no longer
a prize worth fighting for. It must have been an extraordinary moment as the
realization dawned on the leaders of individual interest groups, and upon
members of local Roman landowning élites, that, after hundreds of years of
existence, the Roman state in western Europe was now an anachronism.




and ibid., page 27




A subordinate commander, Odoacer, organized a putsch, murdered Orestes, and deposed Romulus, derisively titled Augustulus, on or around 4 September 476. He then sent
an embassy to Constantinople which did no more than state the obvious. There was no longer any need for an emperor in the west.




Also, from Christopher Wickam The Inheritance of Rome (a book on Early Medieval Europe that I heartily recommend to those interested in that neglected period)




Italy is actually the region of the western empire which lived through least change in the 470s, for Odovacer ruled much as Ricimer had, at the head of a regular army. Italy did not experience an invasion and conquest until 489–93, with the arrival of Theoderic the Amal and his Ostrogoths, and Theoderic (489–526) ruled in as Roman a way as possible, too.





In addition to what I wrote, the "fall of the Western Empire" is a bit of a misnomer. It was not, at the time, perceived as a change in political order: all the lands formerly in the Roman Empire were still under the nominal authority of the Emperor in Constantinople. The West versus East division was, at least on paper, only an administrative one, and the two Emperors had theoretically been coequal heads of state, with the same authority on every component piece. The situation on the ground was very much different, but Odoacer mantained the polite fiction of being the "viceroy" of the Emperor in Italy and even recognized and minted coins in the name of Julius Nepos, the nominal new Western emperor. The loss of authority of the Roman Empire over what were formerly its Western lands was a slow and gradual process, and while 476 is a convenient date (the last year in which a sitting emperor resided in the Italian peninsula), it's quite arbitrary.



Other dates that could be reasonably advanced for the loss of imperial control of Italy are 572, when most of Italy was conquered by the Lombards, a power that did not recognize even the nominal suzerainty of the Emperor, or 751 with the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna, or even 1130, when the Empire lost its last Italian possessions in Southern Italy[1]. The date of 476 is convenient to write on school exams, but its significance shouldn't be overstated.



[1] Personal note: If I were asked to chose one date for the end of the Western Roman Empire, gun to the head, I'd lean towards 751 because the fall of the Exarchate had all kind of consequences (most importantly the Pope deciding to throw his support behind the Frankish Carolingians), while 476 was not even the last time that the whole of Italy was under direct Imperial control (that'd be 572).






share|improve this answer




















  • 1





    This is a great answer. For anyone interested in this period, I recommend the "Fall of Rome" and "Tides of History" podcasts, which talk a lot about the late Roman Empire and the 500s.

    – Kevin Peter
    Mar 29 at 21:48







  • 1





    So basically by the time the western Empire fell, Rome was already like Detroit for a long time.

    – vsz
    Mar 29 at 21:49






  • 4





    @vsz - Rome's decline took longer than most empires exist, period.

    – Richard
    Mar 29 at 23:49






  • 1





    It might also be worth mentioning that by 476, Gaul, Hispania, and North Africa had already passed beyond control of the Western Empire, meaning Italy was pretty much all that was left, hence Odoacer claiming the title of King of Italy.

    – chepner
    Mar 31 at 13:58











  • @chepner This is true, although I suspect a sufficiently strong central government in Ravenna would have been able to reverse that (cfr. the action of Majoran twenty years prior, or the de facto control that Theodoric had on Spain a few decades later). The biggest problem was the shrinking of the tax base, that made the Roman system of government unsustainable

    – Denis Nardin
    Apr 1 at 10:02















88














By 476 the city of Rome had not been the center of the Empire for a long while. Diocletian, picking up the pieces after the crisis of the third century, made a point of snubbing Rome compared to the "actual" imperial capitals, which he considered more important. Moreover the sackings Rome experienced in the fifth century certainly depleted its riches and resources. From the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14, page 378:




Despite considerable imperial and Ostrogothic attempts to
sustain it, Rome gradually shrank through the fifth and sixth century to a tiny
proportion of its former size; not only was there no longer the government
money to sustain it, but it also inevitably lost out from the shrinking overseas
holdings of its senatorial aristocracy.




Doubtless the Roman Senate still sitting in Rome (now no more than an anachronistic relic) was the theater of some speeches, but the historians of the time deemed them of so little consequence that they don't even mention them. But even beyond Rome, in the imperial capital of Ravenna, and all the other lands nominally under the suzerainty of the west Roman empire, the news would have been of little consequence. This passage of the Cambridge Ancient History (vol. 14 page 25) is illuminating:




Since the empire’s financial base was simultaneously decreasing, the idea of
empire quickly became meaningless. The centre no longer controlled anything anyone wanted. In consequence, the late 460s and 470s saw one group
after another coming to the realization that the western empire was no longer
a prize worth fighting for. It must have been an extraordinary moment as the
realization dawned on the leaders of individual interest groups, and upon
members of local Roman landowning élites, that, after hundreds of years of
existence, the Roman state in western Europe was now an anachronism.




and ibid., page 27




A subordinate commander, Odoacer, organized a putsch, murdered Orestes, and deposed Romulus, derisively titled Augustulus, on or around 4 September 476. He then sent
an embassy to Constantinople which did no more than state the obvious. There was no longer any need for an emperor in the west.




Also, from Christopher Wickam The Inheritance of Rome (a book on Early Medieval Europe that I heartily recommend to those interested in that neglected period)




Italy is actually the region of the western empire which lived through least change in the 470s, for Odovacer ruled much as Ricimer had, at the head of a regular army. Italy did not experience an invasion and conquest until 489–93, with the arrival of Theoderic the Amal and his Ostrogoths, and Theoderic (489–526) ruled in as Roman a way as possible, too.





In addition to what I wrote, the "fall of the Western Empire" is a bit of a misnomer. It was not, at the time, perceived as a change in political order: all the lands formerly in the Roman Empire were still under the nominal authority of the Emperor in Constantinople. The West versus East division was, at least on paper, only an administrative one, and the two Emperors had theoretically been coequal heads of state, with the same authority on every component piece. The situation on the ground was very much different, but Odoacer mantained the polite fiction of being the "viceroy" of the Emperor in Italy and even recognized and minted coins in the name of Julius Nepos, the nominal new Western emperor. The loss of authority of the Roman Empire over what were formerly its Western lands was a slow and gradual process, and while 476 is a convenient date (the last year in which a sitting emperor resided in the Italian peninsula), it's quite arbitrary.



Other dates that could be reasonably advanced for the loss of imperial control of Italy are 572, when most of Italy was conquered by the Lombards, a power that did not recognize even the nominal suzerainty of the Emperor, or 751 with the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna, or even 1130, when the Empire lost its last Italian possessions in Southern Italy[1]. The date of 476 is convenient to write on school exams, but its significance shouldn't be overstated.



[1] Personal note: If I were asked to chose one date for the end of the Western Roman Empire, gun to the head, I'd lean towards 751 because the fall of the Exarchate had all kind of consequences (most importantly the Pope deciding to throw his support behind the Frankish Carolingians), while 476 was not even the last time that the whole of Italy was under direct Imperial control (that'd be 572).






share|improve this answer




















  • 1





    This is a great answer. For anyone interested in this period, I recommend the "Fall of Rome" and "Tides of History" podcasts, which talk a lot about the late Roman Empire and the 500s.

    – Kevin Peter
    Mar 29 at 21:48







  • 1





    So basically by the time the western Empire fell, Rome was already like Detroit for a long time.

    – vsz
    Mar 29 at 21:49






  • 4





    @vsz - Rome's decline took longer than most empires exist, period.

    – Richard
    Mar 29 at 23:49






  • 1





    It might also be worth mentioning that by 476, Gaul, Hispania, and North Africa had already passed beyond control of the Western Empire, meaning Italy was pretty much all that was left, hence Odoacer claiming the title of King of Italy.

    – chepner
    Mar 31 at 13:58











  • @chepner This is true, although I suspect a sufficiently strong central government in Ravenna would have been able to reverse that (cfr. the action of Majoran twenty years prior, or the de facto control that Theodoric had on Spain a few decades later). The biggest problem was the shrinking of the tax base, that made the Roman system of government unsustainable

    – Denis Nardin
    Apr 1 at 10:02













88












88








88







By 476 the city of Rome had not been the center of the Empire for a long while. Diocletian, picking up the pieces after the crisis of the third century, made a point of snubbing Rome compared to the "actual" imperial capitals, which he considered more important. Moreover the sackings Rome experienced in the fifth century certainly depleted its riches and resources. From the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14, page 378:




Despite considerable imperial and Ostrogothic attempts to
sustain it, Rome gradually shrank through the fifth and sixth century to a tiny
proportion of its former size; not only was there no longer the government
money to sustain it, but it also inevitably lost out from the shrinking overseas
holdings of its senatorial aristocracy.




Doubtless the Roman Senate still sitting in Rome (now no more than an anachronistic relic) was the theater of some speeches, but the historians of the time deemed them of so little consequence that they don't even mention them. But even beyond Rome, in the imperial capital of Ravenna, and all the other lands nominally under the suzerainty of the west Roman empire, the news would have been of little consequence. This passage of the Cambridge Ancient History (vol. 14 page 25) is illuminating:




Since the empire’s financial base was simultaneously decreasing, the idea of
empire quickly became meaningless. The centre no longer controlled anything anyone wanted. In consequence, the late 460s and 470s saw one group
after another coming to the realization that the western empire was no longer
a prize worth fighting for. It must have been an extraordinary moment as the
realization dawned on the leaders of individual interest groups, and upon
members of local Roman landowning élites, that, after hundreds of years of
existence, the Roman state in western Europe was now an anachronism.




and ibid., page 27




A subordinate commander, Odoacer, organized a putsch, murdered Orestes, and deposed Romulus, derisively titled Augustulus, on or around 4 September 476. He then sent
an embassy to Constantinople which did no more than state the obvious. There was no longer any need for an emperor in the west.




Also, from Christopher Wickam The Inheritance of Rome (a book on Early Medieval Europe that I heartily recommend to those interested in that neglected period)




Italy is actually the region of the western empire which lived through least change in the 470s, for Odovacer ruled much as Ricimer had, at the head of a regular army. Italy did not experience an invasion and conquest until 489–93, with the arrival of Theoderic the Amal and his Ostrogoths, and Theoderic (489–526) ruled in as Roman a way as possible, too.





In addition to what I wrote, the "fall of the Western Empire" is a bit of a misnomer. It was not, at the time, perceived as a change in political order: all the lands formerly in the Roman Empire were still under the nominal authority of the Emperor in Constantinople. The West versus East division was, at least on paper, only an administrative one, and the two Emperors had theoretically been coequal heads of state, with the same authority on every component piece. The situation on the ground was very much different, but Odoacer mantained the polite fiction of being the "viceroy" of the Emperor in Italy and even recognized and minted coins in the name of Julius Nepos, the nominal new Western emperor. The loss of authority of the Roman Empire over what were formerly its Western lands was a slow and gradual process, and while 476 is a convenient date (the last year in which a sitting emperor resided in the Italian peninsula), it's quite arbitrary.



Other dates that could be reasonably advanced for the loss of imperial control of Italy are 572, when most of Italy was conquered by the Lombards, a power that did not recognize even the nominal suzerainty of the Emperor, or 751 with the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna, or even 1130, when the Empire lost its last Italian possessions in Southern Italy[1]. The date of 476 is convenient to write on school exams, but its significance shouldn't be overstated.



[1] Personal note: If I were asked to chose one date for the end of the Western Roman Empire, gun to the head, I'd lean towards 751 because the fall of the Exarchate had all kind of consequences (most importantly the Pope deciding to throw his support behind the Frankish Carolingians), while 476 was not even the last time that the whole of Italy was under direct Imperial control (that'd be 572).






share|improve this answer















By 476 the city of Rome had not been the center of the Empire for a long while. Diocletian, picking up the pieces after the crisis of the third century, made a point of snubbing Rome compared to the "actual" imperial capitals, which he considered more important. Moreover the sackings Rome experienced in the fifth century certainly depleted its riches and resources. From the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14, page 378:




Despite considerable imperial and Ostrogothic attempts to
sustain it, Rome gradually shrank through the fifth and sixth century to a tiny
proportion of its former size; not only was there no longer the government
money to sustain it, but it also inevitably lost out from the shrinking overseas
holdings of its senatorial aristocracy.




Doubtless the Roman Senate still sitting in Rome (now no more than an anachronistic relic) was the theater of some speeches, but the historians of the time deemed them of so little consequence that they don't even mention them. But even beyond Rome, in the imperial capital of Ravenna, and all the other lands nominally under the suzerainty of the west Roman empire, the news would have been of little consequence. This passage of the Cambridge Ancient History (vol. 14 page 25) is illuminating:




Since the empire’s financial base was simultaneously decreasing, the idea of
empire quickly became meaningless. The centre no longer controlled anything anyone wanted. In consequence, the late 460s and 470s saw one group
after another coming to the realization that the western empire was no longer
a prize worth fighting for. It must have been an extraordinary moment as the
realization dawned on the leaders of individual interest groups, and upon
members of local Roman landowning élites, that, after hundreds of years of
existence, the Roman state in western Europe was now an anachronism.




and ibid., page 27




A subordinate commander, Odoacer, organized a putsch, murdered Orestes, and deposed Romulus, derisively titled Augustulus, on or around 4 September 476. He then sent
an embassy to Constantinople which did no more than state the obvious. There was no longer any need for an emperor in the west.




Also, from Christopher Wickam The Inheritance of Rome (a book on Early Medieval Europe that I heartily recommend to those interested in that neglected period)




Italy is actually the region of the western empire which lived through least change in the 470s, for Odovacer ruled much as Ricimer had, at the head of a regular army. Italy did not experience an invasion and conquest until 489–93, with the arrival of Theoderic the Amal and his Ostrogoths, and Theoderic (489–526) ruled in as Roman a way as possible, too.





In addition to what I wrote, the "fall of the Western Empire" is a bit of a misnomer. It was not, at the time, perceived as a change in political order: all the lands formerly in the Roman Empire were still under the nominal authority of the Emperor in Constantinople. The West versus East division was, at least on paper, only an administrative one, and the two Emperors had theoretically been coequal heads of state, with the same authority on every component piece. The situation on the ground was very much different, but Odoacer mantained the polite fiction of being the "viceroy" of the Emperor in Italy and even recognized and minted coins in the name of Julius Nepos, the nominal new Western emperor. The loss of authority of the Roman Empire over what were formerly its Western lands was a slow and gradual process, and while 476 is a convenient date (the last year in which a sitting emperor resided in the Italian peninsula), it's quite arbitrary.



Other dates that could be reasonably advanced for the loss of imperial control of Italy are 572, when most of Italy was conquered by the Lombards, a power that did not recognize even the nominal suzerainty of the Emperor, or 751 with the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna, or even 1130, when the Empire lost its last Italian possessions in Southern Italy[1]. The date of 476 is convenient to write on school exams, but its significance shouldn't be overstated.



[1] Personal note: If I were asked to chose one date for the end of the Western Roman Empire, gun to the head, I'd lean towards 751 because the fall of the Exarchate had all kind of consequences (most importantly the Pope deciding to throw his support behind the Frankish Carolingians), while 476 was not even the last time that the whole of Italy was under direct Imperial control (that'd be 572).







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited Mar 30 at 15:19

























answered Mar 29 at 13:17









Denis NardinDenis Nardin

726148




726148







  • 1





    This is a great answer. For anyone interested in this period, I recommend the "Fall of Rome" and "Tides of History" podcasts, which talk a lot about the late Roman Empire and the 500s.

    – Kevin Peter
    Mar 29 at 21:48







  • 1





    So basically by the time the western Empire fell, Rome was already like Detroit for a long time.

    – vsz
    Mar 29 at 21:49






  • 4





    @vsz - Rome's decline took longer than most empires exist, period.

    – Richard
    Mar 29 at 23:49






  • 1





    It might also be worth mentioning that by 476, Gaul, Hispania, and North Africa had already passed beyond control of the Western Empire, meaning Italy was pretty much all that was left, hence Odoacer claiming the title of King of Italy.

    – chepner
    Mar 31 at 13:58











  • @chepner This is true, although I suspect a sufficiently strong central government in Ravenna would have been able to reverse that (cfr. the action of Majoran twenty years prior, or the de facto control that Theodoric had on Spain a few decades later). The biggest problem was the shrinking of the tax base, that made the Roman system of government unsustainable

    – Denis Nardin
    Apr 1 at 10:02












  • 1





    This is a great answer. For anyone interested in this period, I recommend the "Fall of Rome" and "Tides of History" podcasts, which talk a lot about the late Roman Empire and the 500s.

    – Kevin Peter
    Mar 29 at 21:48







  • 1





    So basically by the time the western Empire fell, Rome was already like Detroit for a long time.

    – vsz
    Mar 29 at 21:49






  • 4





    @vsz - Rome's decline took longer than most empires exist, period.

    – Richard
    Mar 29 at 23:49






  • 1





    It might also be worth mentioning that by 476, Gaul, Hispania, and North Africa had already passed beyond control of the Western Empire, meaning Italy was pretty much all that was left, hence Odoacer claiming the title of King of Italy.

    – chepner
    Mar 31 at 13:58











  • @chepner This is true, although I suspect a sufficiently strong central government in Ravenna would have been able to reverse that (cfr. the action of Majoran twenty years prior, or the de facto control that Theodoric had on Spain a few decades later). The biggest problem was the shrinking of the tax base, that made the Roman system of government unsustainable

    – Denis Nardin
    Apr 1 at 10:02







1




1





This is a great answer. For anyone interested in this period, I recommend the "Fall of Rome" and "Tides of History" podcasts, which talk a lot about the late Roman Empire and the 500s.

– Kevin Peter
Mar 29 at 21:48






This is a great answer. For anyone interested in this period, I recommend the "Fall of Rome" and "Tides of History" podcasts, which talk a lot about the late Roman Empire and the 500s.

– Kevin Peter
Mar 29 at 21:48





1




1





So basically by the time the western Empire fell, Rome was already like Detroit for a long time.

– vsz
Mar 29 at 21:49





So basically by the time the western Empire fell, Rome was already like Detroit for a long time.

– vsz
Mar 29 at 21:49




4




4





@vsz - Rome's decline took longer than most empires exist, period.

– Richard
Mar 29 at 23:49





@vsz - Rome's decline took longer than most empires exist, period.

– Richard
Mar 29 at 23:49




1




1





It might also be worth mentioning that by 476, Gaul, Hispania, and North Africa had already passed beyond control of the Western Empire, meaning Italy was pretty much all that was left, hence Odoacer claiming the title of King of Italy.

– chepner
Mar 31 at 13:58





It might also be worth mentioning that by 476, Gaul, Hispania, and North Africa had already passed beyond control of the Western Empire, meaning Italy was pretty much all that was left, hence Odoacer claiming the title of King of Italy.

– chepner
Mar 31 at 13:58













@chepner This is true, although I suspect a sufficiently strong central government in Ravenna would have been able to reverse that (cfr. the action of Majoran twenty years prior, or the de facto control that Theodoric had on Spain a few decades later). The biggest problem was the shrinking of the tax base, that made the Roman system of government unsustainable

– Denis Nardin
Apr 1 at 10:02





@chepner This is true, although I suspect a sufficiently strong central government in Ravenna would have been able to reverse that (cfr. the action of Majoran twenty years prior, or the de facto control that Theodoric had on Spain a few decades later). The biggest problem was the shrinking of the tax base, that made the Roman system of government unsustainable

– Denis Nardin
Apr 1 at 10:02











11














It is hard to describe what really happened: we only know what is written in the documents of that time which reached us, and they are not very abundant. There is a very nice book
(fiction) by Pascal Quignard, On Wooden Tablets: Apronenia Avitia (translated from the French, original title: Les Tablettes de buis d’Apronenia Avitia, Gallimard, 1984).



In it the author describes the life of a person at that time, and it seems to reflect very well our present knowledge on what really happened.



To state it shortly: nothing happened. People probably hardly noticed the event that we call "the fall of Rome". The reason is that the fall of Rome was a gradual process which lasted for more than a generation. Nothing that dramatically affected the life of most people happened in this particular year 476. The sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 made apparently more impression.






share|improve this answer

























  • I think I will take a look at "On Wooden Tablets". Thanks a lot!

    – F.Rauls
    Mar 29 at 13:57















11














It is hard to describe what really happened: we only know what is written in the documents of that time which reached us, and they are not very abundant. There is a very nice book
(fiction) by Pascal Quignard, On Wooden Tablets: Apronenia Avitia (translated from the French, original title: Les Tablettes de buis d’Apronenia Avitia, Gallimard, 1984).



In it the author describes the life of a person at that time, and it seems to reflect very well our present knowledge on what really happened.



To state it shortly: nothing happened. People probably hardly noticed the event that we call "the fall of Rome". The reason is that the fall of Rome was a gradual process which lasted for more than a generation. Nothing that dramatically affected the life of most people happened in this particular year 476. The sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 made apparently more impression.






share|improve this answer

























  • I think I will take a look at "On Wooden Tablets". Thanks a lot!

    – F.Rauls
    Mar 29 at 13:57













11












11








11







It is hard to describe what really happened: we only know what is written in the documents of that time which reached us, and they are not very abundant. There is a very nice book
(fiction) by Pascal Quignard, On Wooden Tablets: Apronenia Avitia (translated from the French, original title: Les Tablettes de buis d’Apronenia Avitia, Gallimard, 1984).



In it the author describes the life of a person at that time, and it seems to reflect very well our present knowledge on what really happened.



To state it shortly: nothing happened. People probably hardly noticed the event that we call "the fall of Rome". The reason is that the fall of Rome was a gradual process which lasted for more than a generation. Nothing that dramatically affected the life of most people happened in this particular year 476. The sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 made apparently more impression.






share|improve this answer















It is hard to describe what really happened: we only know what is written in the documents of that time which reached us, and they are not very abundant. There is a very nice book
(fiction) by Pascal Quignard, On Wooden Tablets: Apronenia Avitia (translated from the French, original title: Les Tablettes de buis d’Apronenia Avitia, Gallimard, 1984).



In it the author describes the life of a person at that time, and it seems to reflect very well our present knowledge on what really happened.



To state it shortly: nothing happened. People probably hardly noticed the event that we call "the fall of Rome". The reason is that the fall of Rome was a gradual process which lasted for more than a generation. Nothing that dramatically affected the life of most people happened in this particular year 476. The sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 made apparently more impression.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited Mar 29 at 16:09

























answered Mar 29 at 12:48









AlexAlex

27.2k151103




27.2k151103












  • I think I will take a look at "On Wooden Tablets". Thanks a lot!

    – F.Rauls
    Mar 29 at 13:57

















  • I think I will take a look at "On Wooden Tablets". Thanks a lot!

    – F.Rauls
    Mar 29 at 13:57
















I think I will take a look at "On Wooden Tablets". Thanks a lot!

– F.Rauls
Mar 29 at 13:57





I think I will take a look at "On Wooden Tablets". Thanks a lot!

– F.Rauls
Mar 29 at 13:57











2














Also, unlike other empires that fell, Rome splintered into other kingdoms, hence the largely latin-influenced cultures, which exists today (except for the Ostrgoths and Visigoths - they didn't accept the new policy and were persecuted), so a "fall" would not be the most accurate term.



Also, the Roman Empire transformed into a political power after Constantine gave up his seat of power to what became the Roman Catholic system (countries still pay some kind of homage to this system, regardless of their mainstream religion - very fascinating). So it appears the Roman empire got even bigger than it was, as opposed to it falling.



A transformation is a better suited description.






share|improve this answer




















  • 5





    Actually, the formation of the papal state is way more complicated than that. Arguably, the pope started to actually gain power only after the Lombard invasion, when he became the de facto head of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church as we understand it began with Charlemagne, when the Carolingians decided it could be an effective way of culturally unify their possessions.

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 29 at 16:25












  • Do you mean that to read "Also, the Roman Empire transformed from a political into a spiritual power" (after all the Catholic Church and their pontifexes extended the reach of the 'power of Rome' quite a bit further than the caesars who held the office of that name before) @DenisNardin I am a bit puzzled how you came to read "Papal state" into this. Can you make that criticism clearer?

    – LangLangC
    Mar 30 at 0:04






  • 1





    @LangLangC It seems to me that this answer is saying that the Roman imperial system turned into the Roman Catholic church. If this is indeed what the answerer is saying, let's just say that I disagree strenuously with this gross oversimplification (it is true that in many places the bishop filled the power vacuum left by the civil government, but this is more "replacement" than "transformation")

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 30 at 7:05






  • 1





    @LangLangC Yes they certainly did extend their power wayyyy more.

    – Lionboy1
    Apr 1 at 19:46















2














Also, unlike other empires that fell, Rome splintered into other kingdoms, hence the largely latin-influenced cultures, which exists today (except for the Ostrgoths and Visigoths - they didn't accept the new policy and were persecuted), so a "fall" would not be the most accurate term.



Also, the Roman Empire transformed into a political power after Constantine gave up his seat of power to what became the Roman Catholic system (countries still pay some kind of homage to this system, regardless of their mainstream religion - very fascinating). So it appears the Roman empire got even bigger than it was, as opposed to it falling.



A transformation is a better suited description.






share|improve this answer




















  • 5





    Actually, the formation of the papal state is way more complicated than that. Arguably, the pope started to actually gain power only after the Lombard invasion, when he became the de facto head of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church as we understand it began with Charlemagne, when the Carolingians decided it could be an effective way of culturally unify their possessions.

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 29 at 16:25












  • Do you mean that to read "Also, the Roman Empire transformed from a political into a spiritual power" (after all the Catholic Church and their pontifexes extended the reach of the 'power of Rome' quite a bit further than the caesars who held the office of that name before) @DenisNardin I am a bit puzzled how you came to read "Papal state" into this. Can you make that criticism clearer?

    – LangLangC
    Mar 30 at 0:04






  • 1





    @LangLangC It seems to me that this answer is saying that the Roman imperial system turned into the Roman Catholic church. If this is indeed what the answerer is saying, let's just say that I disagree strenuously with this gross oversimplification (it is true that in many places the bishop filled the power vacuum left by the civil government, but this is more "replacement" than "transformation")

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 30 at 7:05






  • 1





    @LangLangC Yes they certainly did extend their power wayyyy more.

    – Lionboy1
    Apr 1 at 19:46













2












2








2







Also, unlike other empires that fell, Rome splintered into other kingdoms, hence the largely latin-influenced cultures, which exists today (except for the Ostrgoths and Visigoths - they didn't accept the new policy and were persecuted), so a "fall" would not be the most accurate term.



Also, the Roman Empire transformed into a political power after Constantine gave up his seat of power to what became the Roman Catholic system (countries still pay some kind of homage to this system, regardless of their mainstream religion - very fascinating). So it appears the Roman empire got even bigger than it was, as opposed to it falling.



A transformation is a better suited description.






share|improve this answer















Also, unlike other empires that fell, Rome splintered into other kingdoms, hence the largely latin-influenced cultures, which exists today (except for the Ostrgoths and Visigoths - they didn't accept the new policy and were persecuted), so a "fall" would not be the most accurate term.



Also, the Roman Empire transformed into a political power after Constantine gave up his seat of power to what became the Roman Catholic system (countries still pay some kind of homage to this system, regardless of their mainstream religion - very fascinating). So it appears the Roman empire got even bigger than it was, as opposed to it falling.



A transformation is a better suited description.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited Mar 29 at 16:16









Steve Bird

13.2k35867




13.2k35867










answered Mar 29 at 16:11









Lionboy1Lionboy1

371




371







  • 5





    Actually, the formation of the papal state is way more complicated than that. Arguably, the pope started to actually gain power only after the Lombard invasion, when he became the de facto head of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church as we understand it began with Charlemagne, when the Carolingians decided it could be an effective way of culturally unify their possessions.

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 29 at 16:25












  • Do you mean that to read "Also, the Roman Empire transformed from a political into a spiritual power" (after all the Catholic Church and their pontifexes extended the reach of the 'power of Rome' quite a bit further than the caesars who held the office of that name before) @DenisNardin I am a bit puzzled how you came to read "Papal state" into this. Can you make that criticism clearer?

    – LangLangC
    Mar 30 at 0:04






  • 1





    @LangLangC It seems to me that this answer is saying that the Roman imperial system turned into the Roman Catholic church. If this is indeed what the answerer is saying, let's just say that I disagree strenuously with this gross oversimplification (it is true that in many places the bishop filled the power vacuum left by the civil government, but this is more "replacement" than "transformation")

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 30 at 7:05






  • 1





    @LangLangC Yes they certainly did extend their power wayyyy more.

    – Lionboy1
    Apr 1 at 19:46












  • 5





    Actually, the formation of the papal state is way more complicated than that. Arguably, the pope started to actually gain power only after the Lombard invasion, when he became the de facto head of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church as we understand it began with Charlemagne, when the Carolingians decided it could be an effective way of culturally unify their possessions.

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 29 at 16:25












  • Do you mean that to read "Also, the Roman Empire transformed from a political into a spiritual power" (after all the Catholic Church and their pontifexes extended the reach of the 'power of Rome' quite a bit further than the caesars who held the office of that name before) @DenisNardin I am a bit puzzled how you came to read "Papal state" into this. Can you make that criticism clearer?

    – LangLangC
    Mar 30 at 0:04






  • 1





    @LangLangC It seems to me that this answer is saying that the Roman imperial system turned into the Roman Catholic church. If this is indeed what the answerer is saying, let's just say that I disagree strenuously with this gross oversimplification (it is true that in many places the bishop filled the power vacuum left by the civil government, but this is more "replacement" than "transformation")

    – Denis Nardin
    Mar 30 at 7:05






  • 1





    @LangLangC Yes they certainly did extend their power wayyyy more.

    – Lionboy1
    Apr 1 at 19:46







5




5





Actually, the formation of the papal state is way more complicated than that. Arguably, the pope started to actually gain power only after the Lombard invasion, when he became the de facto head of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church as we understand it began with Charlemagne, when the Carolingians decided it could be an effective way of culturally unify their possessions.

– Denis Nardin
Mar 29 at 16:25






Actually, the formation of the papal state is way more complicated than that. Arguably, the pope started to actually gain power only after the Lombard invasion, when he became the de facto head of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church as we understand it began with Charlemagne, when the Carolingians decided it could be an effective way of culturally unify their possessions.

– Denis Nardin
Mar 29 at 16:25














Do you mean that to read "Also, the Roman Empire transformed from a political into a spiritual power" (after all the Catholic Church and their pontifexes extended the reach of the 'power of Rome' quite a bit further than the caesars who held the office of that name before) @DenisNardin I am a bit puzzled how you came to read "Papal state" into this. Can you make that criticism clearer?

– LangLangC
Mar 30 at 0:04





Do you mean that to read "Also, the Roman Empire transformed from a political into a spiritual power" (after all the Catholic Church and their pontifexes extended the reach of the 'power of Rome' quite a bit further than the caesars who held the office of that name before) @DenisNardin I am a bit puzzled how you came to read "Papal state" into this. Can you make that criticism clearer?

– LangLangC
Mar 30 at 0:04




1




1





@LangLangC It seems to me that this answer is saying that the Roman imperial system turned into the Roman Catholic church. If this is indeed what the answerer is saying, let's just say that I disagree strenuously with this gross oversimplification (it is true that in many places the bishop filled the power vacuum left by the civil government, but this is more "replacement" than "transformation")

– Denis Nardin
Mar 30 at 7:05





@LangLangC It seems to me that this answer is saying that the Roman imperial system turned into the Roman Catholic church. If this is indeed what the answerer is saying, let's just say that I disagree strenuously with this gross oversimplification (it is true that in many places the bishop filled the power vacuum left by the civil government, but this is more "replacement" than "transformation")

– Denis Nardin
Mar 30 at 7:05




1




1





@LangLangC Yes they certainly did extend their power wayyyy more.

– Lionboy1
Apr 1 at 19:46





@LangLangC Yes they certainly did extend their power wayyyy more.

– Lionboy1
Apr 1 at 19:46

















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